WARNING: This garden hose made from PVC contains lead. Do not drink water from it and wash your hands after handling it.
http://www.parentdish.com/2007/05/29/does-your-garden-hose-contain-lead/
Who is the Clean Water Pipe Council?
The Clean Water Pipe Council is a 501(c)(6) nonprofit trade organization established to ensure the integrity of potable water.
A purchase decision can have a significant long-term impact on the environment. And there are a number of crucial factors that should be considered before buying PVC. Its manufacture requires hazardous chemicals, its use and disposal releases toxins, and it is not recyclable. While it is initially popular from an economic perspective, other safer, more environmentally friendly alternatives exist, that are, in fact, less expensive.
| PVC Production | PVC In-Use | PVC Disposal |
| PVC Resin Production & PVC Pipe Extrusion Issues | PVC In-Use Is Being Attacked on Many Fronts | PVC Is Essentially Not Recyclable |
| Vinyl Chloride < 1ppm deadly | Packaging: Flammability & Solid Waste: Wal-Mart stores | Solid Waste and Landfill: Non-Biodegradable |
| OHSA Requirement Vinyl Chloride Limit Is “0” or Non-Detectable | Clothing & Bottles: Phthalates and Lead: Target stores | Waste Incineration: Flammability Dioxins & HCl Gas |
| PVC Pipe Extrusion Residual Vinyl Chloride Monomer is an Issue | Building Construction: Flammability Dioxins: New York City | Gas Byproducts: Chlorine Gas By-Products Are a Major Issue |
| Stabilizer Additives: Organotins, Lead and Cadmium are Issues | Water Pipe: Heavy Metal Leaching & Flaking: AWWA Cornell Study | |
| Flexibility Plasticizers: Phthalates are Issues | Pipe Wall Thickness: Energy Consumption, Flow Dynamics and UV Stability |
Because of environmental concerns, scientists are searching for alternatives to stabilizers containing lead for PVC manufacturing. This article describes a new patented process using heavy metal free substances that has promise.
This extensive handbook, written in layman language, details the issues surrounding the use of PVC in household products and provides advice for eliminating PVC from your personal environment. The book also lists PVC-Free products and suppliers and provides a wide range of references to additional information helpful for promoting safe consumer products.
Pelley, Janet. (2008). Designing “green” plasticizers. Environmental Science & Technology, 42, 5838.
Scientists are working environmentally safe substitutes for DEHP, a toxic phthalate used in the production of PVC.
Are PVC Pipes Safe? (2003). Sydney, Australia : A to Z of Building.
PVC is hazardous throughout its lifecycle and contains additives that are especially harmful when burned.
“PVC reduction and elimination has become a priority for many government institutions, healthcare organizations, and design firms due to the serious environmental health impacts associated with the lifecycle of PVC. The pipe market represents about 50% of total PVC use in the United States. In the effort to provide leadership on pollution prevention and the protection of environmental health, the significance of modeling PVC free alternatives cannot be understated.”
Provides advice on identifying building materials (notably PVC materials) that contain persistent bioaccumulative toxics and volatile organic compounds and advocates using alternate materials.
The environmentalist group Greenpeace has advocated the global phase-out of PVC because they claim dioxin is produced as a byproduct of vinyl chloride manufacture and from incineration of waste PVC in domestic garbage. Dioxins are a global health threat because they persist in the environment and can travel long distances. At very low levels, near those to which the general population is exposed, dioxins have been linked to immune system suppression, reproductive disorders, a variety of cancers, and endometriosis.
The major hazards of the PVC lifecycle are discussed in this report. The PVC lifecycle is marked by three major stages-manufacture, use, and disposal. Environmental hazards of vinyl production include the formation and release of toxic substances and the consumption of energy and resources in any and all of these steps.
The New York City Council voted to require agencies (in 2008) to be environmentally friendly in their purchases, specifically avoiding things like electronic products with heavy metals, carpets and office products that give off volatile organic compounds and, most importantly for vinyl, products that contribute to dioxin formation when burned.
PVC, or vinyl as it is commonly called, can be found in many common products from consumer goods like children’s clothing and toys, garden hoses, and medical products (tubing, bags, gloves, etc.). Around the world, over 50% of PVC manufactured is used in construction.
PVC is an organochlorine. First patented in 1913 by Fritz Klatte, there were issues with overcoming pure PVC’s thermal instability and its low workability. German experiments in the 1930s with various stabilizers and softeners led to the first useable forms of PVC.
Organochlorines are useful to industry because they resist natural breakdown processes and tend to be very stable. However, this also means that they may persist in the environment for long periods, possibly contaminating that enviroment for wildlife and humans.
Many chlorinated products and byproducts are considered to be Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). The best known POPs are the pesticide DDT and dioxins, which are byproducts of many processes involving chlorine.
PVC is one of the world’s largest dioxin sources. This group of chemicals represents some of the most toxic chemicals ever released into the environment. Dioxins are created when PVC plastic is burned in incinerators, household stoves, open rubbish (trash) burning, and accidental fires in buildings and vehicles. Dioxins are also created during the manufacture of PVC so that production wastes are rich with dioxins and other highly toxic contaminants.
PVC resin information from the Britannica Concise Encyclopedia:
“Synthetic resin, an organic polymer made by treating vinyl chloride monomers with a peroxide. It may be blended with more rubbery polymers or copolymerized with other vinyls to obtain products with desired properties. PVC resin mixed with plasticizers (see Waldo Semon), stabilizers, and pigments is made into flexible articles (e.g., raincoats, toys, containers). Nonplasticized resin has been used for rigid products (e.g., water pipes, plumbing fittings, phonograph records). Concern over leaching of vinyl chloride into foods has resulted in restrictions on its use in food containers; its decomposition into hydrogen chloride when burned has also raised concerns. Today it is produced in larger quantities than any other plastic except polyethylene”.
Density 1380 kg/m3
Young’s modulus (E) 2900-3300
MPa Tensile strength(σt) 50-80
MPa Elongation @ break 20-40%
Notch test 2-5 kJ/m²
Glass temperature 87 °C
Melting point 80 °C
Vicat B 85 °C
Heat transfer coefficient (λ) 0.16 W/(m·K)
Effective heat of combustion 17.95 MJ/kg
Linear expansion coefficient (α) 8 10-5/K
Specific heat (c) 0.9
kJ/(kg·K) Water absorption (ASTM) 0.04-0.4
Price 0.5-1.25 €/kg
Polyvinyl chloride is also widely used for producing pipes. In the water distribution market it accounts for 66 percent of the market in the US, and in sanitary sewer pipe applications, it accounts for 75 percent.2 Globally plastic pipes comprise about 54% of the total pipes used. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) takes the lion’s share of plastic pipes at around 62% of the global market.3 Pipe demand in the U.S. is projected to grow 2.5% annually and was projected at 15.5 billion feet in 20074.
PVC water pipes are produced to a variety of standards based on application and pressure and strength requirements. The table below summarizes the PVC water pipe standards.
| Standard |
Available O.D.s and O.D. Regimen |
Structural Requirements |
| ASTM D2241 |
1/8 - 36 inch IPS |
DR 41, PR = 100 psiDR 32.5, PR = 125 psiDR 26, PR = 160 psiDR 21, PR = 200 psiDR 17, PR = 250 psiDR 13.5, PR = 315 psi |
| AWWA C900 |
4 - 12 inch CIOD |
DR 25, PC = 100DR 18, PC = 150DR 14, PC = 200 |
| AWWA C905 |
14 - 48 inch IPS & CIOD |
DR 41, PR=100 psiDR32.5, PR=125 psiDR 26, PR = 160 psiDR 25, PR = 165 psiDR 21, PR=200 psiDR 18, PR = 235 psi |
| CSA B - 137.3 |
1/8 - 36 inch IPS & CIOD |
DR 41, PR = 690 kPaDR 32.5, PR = 860 kPaDR 26, PR = 1100 kPaDR 25, PR = 1150 kPaDR 21, PR = 1380 kPaDR 18, PR = 1620 kPaDR 17, PR = 1720 kPaDR 14, PR = 2130 kPa |
You should know there are safer alternatives for all PVC uses.5 Around the world individuals, communities and companies are successfully phasing out PVC use. Design, construction and architectural firms are looking for alternative materials. Major corporations ranging from Nike, Mattel and Lego to GM, VW and Honda have begun the switch to alternative materials. The city of San Francisco and New York State have banned PVC pipe. Other projects, from the U.S. EPA headquarters in Washington, DC to the 2000 Olympic village in Sydney, Australia, reduced or completely eliminated use of PVC. More government agencies are eliminating it from wiring, flooring and other applications, including the United States Navy and Air Force and NASA.
The Healthy Building Network offers this perspective on alternatives to PVC:6
| Water | Ductile iron, HDPE, Concrete, Copper, PEX |
| Sewer | Concrete, HDPE |
| Conduit and Ducting | HDPE, Steel, Aluminum |
| Drain, Waste and Vent (DWV) | Cast Iron, Copper, ABS, PEX |
| Agriculture and Drainage | HDPE, Concrete |
1. http://www.britannica.com/search?query=PVC&ct=&searchSubmit.x=0&searchSubmit.y=0
2. http://www.vinylbydesign.com/site/page.asp?CID=14&DID=15
3. M. Raynaud, Proceedings Plastics Pipes XII, Milan, Italy April 19-22, 2004
4. S. Rahman, Proceedings Plastics Pipes XII, Milan, Italy April 19-22, 2004
5. Source of alternative applications is PVCInformation.org
6. “PVC-Free Pipe Purchasers’ Report,” Healthy Building Network, November 1, 2002
Because of a large amount of historical data, potential failure rates for traditional pipe material such as cast iron and asbestos cement can be readily determined. For newer materials such as PVC, historical data is not available. This research proposes a mathematical model to predict failure rates.
Bacterial growth is possible in any water distribution system. This study looked at growth patterns in various types of pipe material under different chlorination systems. The results indicated that PVC had higher levels of growth than other materials.
This survey examined the damage to the PVC water systems during the 1999 earthquake in Taiwan and developed a model to determine how fragile the system in similar earthquakes.
PVC pipe is subject to failure under sudden increases in water pressure (water hammer). This study examines the mechanics and physical properties of PVC that contribute to failure.
This study evaluates the effects of water chemistry, temperature, pipe material and hydraulic conditions on the dissipation of chlorine throughout bulk water systems.
Vinyl Chloride Monomer in Older PVC Pipe
Leaching of Organotins from PVC Pipe
Leaching of Lead and Other Hazardous Substances
This study developed methods for detecting the level of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), a known carcinogen, in water exposed to PVC pipe. The results showed that the level of VCM in the tested water is directly proportional to the level of residual monomer in the pipe.
Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) is known to leach into the drinking water supply from PVC pipe, particularly in systems with dead-end segments. This paper delineates procedures to determine which dead-ends require flushing to control VCM, examines the effect of temperature on VCM leaching, and provides a method to devise flush schedules and volumes.
The authors recommend sampling and gas chromatography methods for measuring the amount of unpolymerized vinyl chloride migrating into drinking water from PVC pipe.
Drinking water distribution systems containing “early-era” PVC pipe (manufactured prior to 1977) are at risk of vinyl chloride monomer leaching from the pipe into the drinking water in the water distribution system.
Drinking water distribution systems containing “early-era” PVC pipe (manufactured prior to 1977) are at risk of vinyl chloride monomer leaching from the pipe into the drinking water in the water distribution system. The majority of the cases of excess vinyl chloride concentrations in drinking water distribution systems have been reported in Kansas, Missouri, Texas, and Arkansas (Mansur, 1999a), although the problem may be more widespread.
Prepared by AWWA with assistance from Economic and Engineering Services, Inc. Pre 1977 PVC pipe serious leaching of vinyl chloride monomer. Since then improved pipe, but still come leaching.
Offers an overview of water contaminants, including the dangers of PVC residue in older water pipes.
This article announces a new report by scientists that have studied the toxic effects of Dibutyltin (DBT), an organotin that is used in the production of PVC. The team of researchers have tracked how the body responds to DBT exposure. Symptoms include skin irritation, dizziness, breathing difficulties and flu-like symptoms.
Meeting symposium presented the methods and requirements to perform a chemical mixtures risk assessment for these four organotin compounds. (4 abstracts)
“There is an ongoing input of MBT and DBT into the Akerselva river running into the inner Oslofjord area. The most likely source of these MBT and DBT emissions is organotin-stabilized PVC used in e.g. packaging material, foils, piping, window frames and coating materials.”
An examination of the effects of exposure to dibutyltin dichloride.
An examination of the effects of exposure to dibutyltin dichloride during development.
An examination of the effects of exposure to dimethyltin dichloride.
An examination of the effects of exposure to a combination of dibutyltin dichloride, dimethyltin dichloride, monobutyltin trichloride, and nomomethyltin trichloride - all are reported immunotoxicants.
Ehman, et al. found a connection between a mother’s exposure to dimethyl tin during pregnancy and developmental problems in their offspring.
The EU’s top scientific risk committee has criticized for a third time a revised assessment of organotins. Consultants retained by the European commission are still underestimating human exposure from organotins used to stabilize PVC plastic, it says. Overall the public is probably exposed above tolerable levels, it concludes.
This study evaluated the levels of butyl- and octyltins in clear food containers, rigid pipe and flexible membrane materials made of PVC.
This work claims that organotins are not leaching out of the pipe at significant levels, and that they maintain their integrity as stabilizers when in the PVC. It does not control for temperature.
The presence of VC and OTs make PVC pipe important to determine what levels of these compounds could be expected in drinking water carried by PVC. This project, which is in collaboration with Professor Marc Edwards at Virginia Tech, is funded by the American Water Works Association’s Research Foundation.
Sadiki and Williams found that up to 40% of the drinking water supplied by PVC pipe was contaminated with organotins (monomethyl-, dimethyl-, monbutyl- and dibutyltin).
In 2006, a group of volunteers agreed to hair, blood and urine sampling to determine the type and amounts of hazardous chemicals in their systems. Among the chemicals found were Phthalates (used as plasticizers in PVC vinyl flooring, toys and shower curtains) and Lead (used in PVC pipes).
Discusses the leaching of organotin compounds from PVC pipe.
An overview of the toxic qualities of a substance often used in the manufacture of PVC.
This study examined the rates of leaching of phthalates (additives to convert hard PVC resins into flexible) in water and artificial saliva. It presented data that has implications for the use of soft plastic items such as pacifiers, chewable toys and bottles.
Factors such as stagnation time, pipe age, pipe material and water quality contribute to the rate of leaching of lead and iron from drinking water system pipes. This study examined leach rates for a variety of pipe materials and found that PVC pipe release the most lead.
Examines the effects of pipe age on the retention of chlorine as a disinfectant agent in water distribution system.
An extensive catalog of the wide variety of cancer-causing materials (including PVC) in the environment.
In studying water experiencing black water problems with soluble manganese in the surface water reservoir, the researchers discovered that PVC pipes showed higher total manganese concentrations and more black color than samples obtained from iron pipes.
The blog poster briefly outlines the health problems associated with various types of plastics and advocates a program of education and labeling to help consumers understand the issues with plastics in the marketplace.
This study demonstrates the impact that synthetic plumbing materials can have on sensory and chemical water quality, as well as the significant variations in drinking water quality generated from different materials.
This paper summarizes the results of a series of studies on the various factors that affect the leaching of lead from unplasticized polyvinyl chloride pipes. The most significant factors were the temperature of the pipe and the presence of particular chemicals in the water that enhanced the leaching.
Provides a brief overview of the research of scientists from Virginia Tech (see Zhang, et al.) who found that home plumbing systems constructed with PVC pipes may be more susceptible to leaching of lead and copper into drinking water than other types of pipe – particularly if the PVC systems include brass fixtures and pipefittings.
Research reported in this article shows that potable water systems that increased the use of plastic pipe (including PVC) did not prevent the existence of bacteria and had higher lead content in the water.
In 2006, a group of volunteers agreed to hair, blood and urine sampling to determine the type and amounts of hazardous chemicals in their systems. Among the chemicals found were Phthalates (used as plasticizers in PVC vinyl flooring, toys and shower curtains) and Lead (used in PVC pipes).
This study investigated the amount of iron and copper leaching into drinking water systems of different types of materials due to variations in water source and treatment processes.
This study found various levels of 2,4-di-tert-butyl-phenol, aldehydes, ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons and terpenoids migrating to drinking water from various kinds of plastic pipes.
Some water systems are now using chloramine as a way to remove harmful microorganisms from drinking water supplies. This study looks at various types of supply pipe and the chemical reactions to chloramines. The results indicated that PVC pipe may actually cause more metal ion leaching into the water stream than copper because of acid byproducts from the nitrification process of brass fittings.
Researchers found that plumbing systems with PVC pipes could be more susceptible than copper pipes to the leaching of lead and copper into drinking water – particularly if used in conjunction with brass fixtures and fittings.
Watson, Tom. (2008, Nov. 15). Protecting yourself from plastic hazards. Seattle Times.
A brief, reader-friendly overview of the health and environmental issues concerning PVC.
Wal-Mart is going green. The retail giant, which is also the nation’s largest grocery seller, is beginning to switch from petroleum-based to corn-based plastic packaging. The first substitution, starting Nov. 1, involves 114 million clear-plastic clamshell containers used annually by the retailer for cut fruit, herbs, strawberries and Brussels sprouts, Wal-Mart executive Matt Kistler said yesterday at a conference in Philadelphia.
Citing concerns about the potential toxic byproducts of the production and disposal of PVC, the City of Seattle chose an alternative to PVC for a sports park project. The decision is part of the city’s plan to eliminate the purchase of materials that may release toxic substances.
Tests of 10 garden hoses finds five with lead levels over EPA standards.
The EU’s top scientific risk committee has criticized for a third time a revised assessment of organotins. Consultants retained by the European commission are still underestimating human exposure from organotins used to stabilize PVC plastic, it says. Overall the public is probably exposed above tolerable levels, it concludes.
Reports the findings of a research study that suggest that plastic plumbing systems, including those made of PVC and polyethylene, are more likely to deliver lead-laden drinking water than those of other materials.
As part of an overhaul of the Consumer Product Safety Act, Congress passed legislation to ban phthalates from children’s toys and other products.
Los Angeles passes its own ban on plastic bags to become effective in July 2010. The ban is similar to the 1st bag ban in the nation passed by San Francisco which became effective last November.
Many of the health issues associated with PVC products can be blamed on the “plasticizers” or chemicals added to PVC to make it pliant. This article discusses the scientific search for safer chemical additives.
Toy makers are facing increasing pressure to eliminate certain types of plastics from their products. Retail stores are sensitive to customer protests and are not buying items with potentially harmful chemicals.
A radical group of Bay area grandmothers stages a protest against products containing PVC and in support of companies vowing to reduce sales of those products.
The company announces that it will phase out the use of all products that use PVC in either packaging or merchandise, particularly those designed for children.
Worried that an ingredient in plastics is getting swept up in toy-safety regulations driven by fears over lead, the chemical industry is fighting back. They could be too late. Washington lawmakers this month overwhelmingly approved the strictest toy-safety rules in the nation, including restrictions on the amount of lead, cadmium and an ingredient in plastics called phthalates. The measure awaits approval by Gov. Chris Gregoire, or automatically becomes law in early April.
The author asked experts how parents can avoid hormone-like chemicals in children’s products.
Reports on a new city ordinance requiring environmentally preferable procurement goals. The ordinance specifically requires avoiding products that contain heavy metals, give off volatile organic compounds, or produce dioxin when burned (like PVC and vinyl).
Reports on efforts by the Vinyl Institute to reorganize itself as “an independent trade organization to promote and defend vinyl aggressively.” This move is in response to efforts to reduce the use of PVC such as California’s proposed ban on PVC packaging and the commitment of K-mart, Target and other stores to eliminate the use of PVC in products.
Seattle has become the first major U.S. city to place a tax on plastic bags, and has also enacted a ban on polystyrene containers for businesses that serve food.
Plastic products are prevalent in the United States and some, particularly those containing bisphenol-a (BPA) and phthalates, pose serious health threats. Avoiding exposure to plastics with numbers 3 or 7 and vinyl shower curtains can reduce these threats.
Published research from renowned authorities on environmental and health problems associated with PVC.
Residents of Lower Pottsgrove, Pennsylvania are afraid of potential problems from an EPA Superfund cleanup site that stockpiles industrial chemicals including vinyl chloride waste from the production of PVC pipe. The site lies within the Schuylkill river floodplain and could contaminate the major source of drinking water for the area.
This study focuses on the amount of hazardous chemicals released into the air from plants producing various types of plastics, including PVC.
Discusses the problems associated with the use of stabilizing chemicals in the production and disposal of PVC products.
A scientific study of the levels of toxins released into the air around PVC plants.
This briefing paper provides a critical rebuttal to the US Green Building Council, Technical Scientific Advisory Committee’s draft report on PVC. The report (full text at http://www.usgbc.org/LEED/tsac/pvcvinyl.asp) concluded that “PVC does not emerge as a clear winner or loser…the available evidence does not support a conclusion that PVC is consistently worse than alternative materials…” This paper cites numerous studies and sources that contradict that conclusion.
This overview paper discusses a series of 6 articles in the October 2008 issue of Environmental Research that examine the health issues of bisphenol A (BPA), PVC, phthalates, and polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE).
An extensive evaluation of the business impact of reducing use of PVC. The authors found that there are viable, economic alternatives.
Research has found that volatile chemicals can migrate from plastic gaskets made of PVC on metal lids into food, particularly if the food has a high oil content.
The techniques of Integrated Environmental Assessment (IEA) and Industrial Ecology (IE) can be combined to provide analyses and information that can be used for more effective public policy making. The authors use a hypothetical world-wide ban on PVC to illustrate the concepts.
Highlights the problems associated with PVC and other hazardous materials used in residential building and provides suggestions for safe and economical alternatives.
After nearly two years of work by close to 100 building science experts, the Green Building Initiative (GBI) released its proposed green building standard for public comment. The standard is known as the “GBI Proposed American National Standard 01-2008P: Green Building Assessment Protocol for Commercial Buildings.
A survey of worldwide efforts to reduce PVC. The list includes individual country efforts and a list of companies phasing out PVC.
Discusses the various uses of PVC in building construction and problems related to its use. Lots of facts and figures.
Discusses the toxic effects of phthalates, an additive that increases the flexibility of PVC products.
A senior public health research scientist testifies about the risks of PVC production, use and disposal.
A summary of current research findings on PVC use in building construction.
Describes the number coding system on plastic materials and discusses which types can and cannot be recycled.
An overview of the potential problems associated with the disposal of the large amount of PVC material waste generated each year in the United States.
Discusses the problems with disposal of PVC products. Less than 3% of PVC is recycled, but incinerating it can release dioxin and landfilling can result in lead, cadmium and phthalates leaching into groundwater supplies.
An overview of the potential problems associated with the disposal of the large amount of PVC material waste generated each year in Europe.
This study focuses on the rate of release of toxic chemicals from PCV and other types of waste as a result of different disposal treatments.
The main goal of this work was to develop and test advanced techniques for the instant identification of different types of polymers in post-consumer plastics. The combined use of various techniques yielded very useful and effective results for plastic waste management.
A chemical analysis of the substances released from burning plastic.
Important information for you and your advocacy groups to use and forward to other concerned citizens.
Feel free to share your comments with us or let us know about any concerns you may have with PVC or how it may affect your drinking water.
E-mail us at info@cleanwaterpipecouncil.org.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Attention: Update on PVC pipe and Chloramines in the Santa Clarita Valley
http://www.the-signal.com/news/article/17365/
If you click on the link listed above, you can find some information about the Clean Water Pipe Council’s mission, as well as information on the kinds of water pipe being used and not used in the Santa Clarita Valley. The article was featured in The Signal, a local newspaper in Santa Clarita Valley, and despite some errors in information it is great conversation-starter on the issues being faced both in that particular area of California and throughout the U.S. As is mentioned in the article, there are water agencies that don’t use PVC pipe, such as Castaic Lake Water Agencyand Valencia Water Company. These water companies are using green alternatives such as ductile iron or steel pipe. Not only are these pipes more energy efficient, but they also keep the drinking water in the beautiful Santa Clarita Valley healthy and lead-free.
However, at the same time as some water agencies are going green and healthy, many others are still using PVC pipe to deliver potable water. These agencies include Santa Clarita Water Company and Otay Water District (in San Diego).Often these companies are also using chloraminesto disinfect the water. Recent research has come out showing that the use of chloraminesin PVC pipes begins a harmful process beginning with the chloraminebreaking down into ammonia –which supports the growth of bacteria. These bacteria, in turn, lower the pH of your drinking water, turning it acidic. Acidic water goes to work on fixtures, such as brass, in home water systems, and can result in the leeching on toxic lead into drinking water.
Many water authorities are unaware of, or are only just learning of these processes, so they could be in effect in your water supply. As can be read in the article, often the “solution” is to turn on your water supply for a period of time before drinking. Not only is this a halfway ameliorative, but a true solution exists –Lobby Your City Government For Clean Water Pipes! Several environmentally friendlyandhigh-efficiency options are available. As we mentioned above, not only are the green alternatives great for the health of your family and community, they are also highly energy efficient when compared to similar diameter PVC pipe. These energy savings equal a smaller carbon footprint and a more economical solution to water delivery. Stay tuned on our Facebook account, as well as on our website for our next article, which will go a little deeper into issues revolving around energy efficiency.For more info please come the Clean Water Pipe Council at
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The great blog at Mindful Momma featured this great post on renovating your bathroom while avoiding PVC. From shower curtains to bath mats, follow this guide to beautiful, healthy housing.
Our big bathroom remodel may have to wait in these rough economic times. But that doesn’t mean you can’t give your bath some sprucing up. A little PVC-free redecorating will brighten your bath and be good for your health as well. PVC, the “poison plastic” tends to sneak it’s way into our bathrooms without our permission. To avoid subjecting your family to those nasty fumes, check the label before you buy bathroom accessories that just might be made with PVC.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The news just gets worse and worse in terms of the hazards Vinyl Chloride. Cautionary post indeed.
Vinyl Chloride itself is a flammable, colorless, sweet smelling gas.
Dr. However, OSHA has classified vinyl chloride as a hazardous chemical with a permissible exposure limit of 1 ppm (part per million), at which level it is impossible for the human nose to register a smell. Thus, if a person were able to smell vinyl chloride this would be indicative of an egregious overexposure.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Over at Green Living Ideas they are discussing the best way to make your home energy efficient - starting with your windows. While PVC might be slightly cheaper in the short-term, there are some alternatives that last longer - reducing life-long cost and are much safer for your loved ones and the environment.
If windows are the eyes of your home, and eyes are the windows to a soul, shouldn’t your home’s windows be clean and green? This blend of old adages highlights the benefits of installing energy efficient windows from a design perspective, though resulting energy savings for the environment and cost savings for the owner are probably reason enough!
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Workspace Design Principles lists some alternatives to PVC in the areas of pipes, siding, doors and windows. Great tips if you are renovating your home.
Polyvinyl Chloride which is commonly know as PVC or Vinyl is one of the most commonly used synthetic or to say non biodegradable material. The production, use and disposal of PVC are all very hazardous to the environment and human health. The effects are many, to name some ; cancer, heart disease, birth defects… The list goes on.There are many alternative to PVC, some of them more expensive and may be even labour taking. But health and the preservation of environment is most important. So here we have some alternatives for PVC…
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
From our previous posts on PVC-free Yoga mats, we all know what to look for when shopping for exercise equipment and meditative aids - but what will you use when your baby needs changesd? Check out this post from Care 2 on PVC-free changing mats - your kid will thank you for it.
Zoli’s new eco-friendly baby care is perfect for expecting parents that want their little ones’ lives greener than Kermit’s. To protect the health of babies, Zoli forgoes toxic ingredients like PVC, PBA, phthalates, latex, chloride, or nitrosamines to make products that are either recyclable or biodegradable.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
These PVC- and BPA-free dog toys can keep your pet safe, but also your child. After all, your little one can’t tell the difference between a safe toy and one that is not, so keep your whole household safe.
As we’ve mentioned before, PVC’s entire life cycle - from production through use and disposal - has a negative impact on human health and the environment. We’re already exposed to enough lead in soil, cosmetics and children’s toys, and whether we like or not, our children play with the dogs toys . . .
This comes from Safbaby and is a Q and A session with Mike Schade from the Center for Health, Environment and Justice (CHEJ). Mr. Schade points out that phthalate-free PVC is not the answer, since rigid PVC such as that are used in lunchboxes contain dangerous ingredients such as lead.
Q. Safbaby: Some toys are labeled “Phthalate-free”, is this enough or should I only purchase PVC-free ?
A. Mike: Certainly, phthalate free toys are a step in the right direction, but even PVC toys that are phthalate-free may potentially contain other potentially harmful chemical additives. For example, lead has been found in a number of PVC children’s toys and back-to-school products such as lunch-boxes. Many companies have substituted lead for other “stabilizers” such as organotins which may be harmful over time. Some organotins affect the central nervous system, skin, liver, immune system and reproductive system. Since the organotins are not 100% bound to the polymer, they can easily migrate from within a PVC product to the surface.
The best bet is to look for toys that are 100% PVC-free. After all, it’s better to be safe than sorry.
Here’s a post from The Soft Landing Blog which contains a downloadable comparison of Baby Bottles so you can keep your little one PVC- and BPA-free.
The Soft Landing Team is proud to present our newest research tool for parents:
We’ve gathered our knowledge and personal experience into any easy-to-read format. Introducing the completely portable Plastic Baby Bottle Comparison Chart - download your free copy now for easy non-toxic shopping!
Article from Huffington Post on PVC in Yoga Mats, as well as other consumer products. When you’re taking care of your body and soul, make sure to check the label on your mat.
PVC became the plastic of choice because it’s cheap, but considering the impacts on environmental and human health, it’s actually priceless. PVC can’t be recycled due to the toxins embedded within it, and when it’s incinerated or buried in landfills it releases dioxin, a known carcinogen. Pthalates have been known to impact boy bits in utero and swimmers once the boys become men, and lead and cadmium damage our brains and never break down. Not exactly the impermanence we’re after in yoga.
After reading the Huffington Post article, check out this post from Feelgood Style on some safe alternatives for you to use.
Still not convinced about switching to a green mat? Well, remember the non-eco sticky mats are made of PVC (polyvinyl chloride) plastic containing cancer-causing dioxins that is released into the atmosphere and in addition, softening PVC products for mats includes more harsh toxic chemicals (such as Phthalates) which leach into the air. So make the switch, invest in an earth friendly mat instead, you are worth it!
Blog post from Ecolect, on several corporations plans to ban PVC toys. Toys “R” Us is moving farther than most, working towards a ban on PVC plasticizers, i.e., phthalates.
Toys “R” Us is taking their initiative to the next level, announcing that they will be phasing out any toys containing phthalates in their juvenile product lines. Phthalates are the chemical compounds that soften PVC, turning it from a hard and rigid material to a soft and flexible material. Aside from being used in toys, phthalates are commonly used in the production of paints, nail polish and adhesives. Added phthalates in PVC is being discovered to cause unusual hormonal activity, birth defects and other health risks, especially to children as their bodies are still in the process of growing. In 2009, the state of California will begin acting on serious plans to heavily restrict the use of phthalates in toys for children.
A personal post on BPA and plastic water bottles, including information on how you can distinguish between types of plastics, and, more importantly, the reasons why you should.
Essentially from my knowledge of what BPA is it is a chemical that has elevated levels of Estrogen in it. And it is still in debate as to how high the level of Estrogen is. Some people are saying it is high enough to cause reproductive defects in Men & Women and it does have negative developmental effects on Children & Fetuses. Oh and also, they are just not in the water bottles they are also in Baby Bottles. Personally, I don’t know how high the level of BPA is that we are drinking out of the water bottle but it does not sit well with me at all to know that it could possibly be doing harm to our family. And I don’t want it to be in my families bodies. We are constantly teaching Sam the importance of eating healthy and making good choices in what he eats. So how is any different, to give him a bottle that could be having negative effects on his development to him or any baby and tell them to drink out of it?
Green back to school products. Offers a great list of products that are free from BPA, vinyl, PVC, phthalates and lead.
With new research and awareness regarding product manufacturing, it’s important to choose products that are free from BPA, vinyl, PVCs, phthalates, and lead.
Choosing eco alternatives during your shopping adventures is a great way to introduce green concepts at an early age.
As kids go back to school, they may be learning about how to preserve and protect our environment. If children are exposed to this information beforehand, they can connect on a personal level and feel like they’ve made an important contribution…
A post from Family Safety and Health on PVC and Lead-Free lunch boxes. Contains a few links to sites where parents can find PCV-Free products for their children.
Lead as you know is toxic to children (and adults for that matter), so it’s important that the place their lunch is stored in is lead-free. Lead can also be ingested from your child touching the bag and then their food. For a list of manufacturers who have agreed to produce lead-safe lunch boxes, check out the CEH’s website.
PVC is toxic as it contains phthalates and lead. The Center for Health, Environment and Justice offers a downloadable guide to PVC-free school supplies.
…it is heartening to hear that the big retailers are making some changes to improve toy and baby product safety.
Last week both Wal-Mart and Toys R Us came out with similar plans: to strengthen their toy and product safety. Toy R Us has an impressive list of objectives: to have third party screening of imported toys, dropping the “acceptable” levels of lead to 90ppm (from 600ppm), and by the end of 2008, all products for babies will not be allowed to contain phthalates. They are also phasing out the use of PVC (vinyl) in products for babies and young children. Apparently, Wal-Mart outlined similar goals.
In the past year, we have learned that toys are not as safe as we once thought. Thomas the Tank Engine and other toys manufactured in China - and the U.S. — were recalled en masse because of lead contamination. But lead is not the only toxic chemical in toys that parents are worried about. Phthalates are another family of unsafe chemicals commonly used in children’s toys such as teethers, bath books and rubber ducks to make them soft and flexible. When kids put these toys in their mouths, phthalates can leach out of the products and enter their bodies. Help us prevent harm.
This post comes from our neighbor to the north, Canada, with plenty of references to safety issues in the U.S. Specifically, the post deals with a recent study calling for a ban on PVC shower curtains, which were found to release over 100 toxic chemicals into the air, including phthalates. Here’s a snippet…
The laboratory tests of five new PVC shower curtains, released Thursday, found 108 different volatile organic compounds were released into the air over a 28-day period, including off-gassing above the recommended level in the United States for seven days.
These compounds can cause respiratory irritation, headaches, nausea and damage to the liver, kidney and the central nervous system. Some VOCs are also suspected or known to cause cancer in humans.
The shower curtains also contained phthalates (DEHP), already banned in children’s toys in California, Washington and the European Union. Canada has listed DEHP as a “toxic” substance and has recommended it be banned in children’s products, but has yet to implement the recommendation.
Nice list of plastics: which are safe and which aren’t…
#3 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC or vinyl): Plasticizers are added to many PVC products to make them flexible. These include phthalates — suspected endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). DEHA, another possible endocrine disruptor, was found to leach from PVC cling wraps into cheese in 1998 tests by Consumer Reports. Grocery stores commonly use PVC to wrap deli meats and cheeses. Reynolds cling wrap is PVC. Appalachian Mountain spring water and some vegetable oils are bottled in PVC. And PVC’s manufacture and incineration produces highly toxic dioxins, as does the PVDC used in Saran Wrap, according to Consumers Union, publisher of Consumer Reports.
An article on Orbit strollers, which are made from materials free of PVC and other harmful chemicals.
“The company is committed to sustainability and using environmentally safe materials and practices. The company has stopped producing products that contain PVC (read why this is a good thing). All of the fabrics used in the Toddler Car Seat are tested to ensure they’re free of PBB (polybrominated biphenyl), PBDE (polybrominated diphenyl ethers), and brominated chemicals, and most are Oeko-Tex Standard 100 Certified. The company is also committed to being the first baby gear company to rid its supply chain of PVC, chrome-plating, and oil-based packaging inks.”
A manufacturer of PVC-safe products, Ecogear makes a number of backpacks and bags from eco-friendly materials and non-toxic dyes.
“Whether your next trip is by land, air or sea, you’ll most definitely be bringing at least one bag with you. If the bag you carry on your shoulders, stow under your seat or stash in an overhead bin is made from traditional materials, you might be carrying more baggage than you realize. Most backpacks and messenger bags are made with chemical-emitting PVC plastic, which is pretty nasty stuff. PVC production fuses vinyl chloride molecules with toxic metals such as lead and cadmium, which are added as plasticizers and stabilizers. Because of the chemical properties of chlorine, the by-products of PVC production tend to be far more toxic, more persistent in the environment, and more likely to build up in the food supply and the bodies of people than otherwise similar chlorine-free chemicals.
Millions of PVC cards are used everyday in a plethora of applications and industries – cutting across nearly every social and business sector imaginable. These include photo IDs for schools and companies, membership cards, hotel room key-cards, and gift and loyalty cards. But since their production is dependent on oil, a non-renewable resource, PVC cards adversely affect the environment, both in their manufacture and eventual disposal. In contrast, Corn Cards are made from corn, a readily available, renewable resource.
A nice article from the Daily Record, written by Joel Liebesfeld, on the exposure to hazardous PVC found in workplaces. I’ve posted the body of the article here, as it seemed especially prescient and important.
As a society we have, for the most part, become attuned to accepting our offices and work areas as safe. Some occupations are performed in inherently dangerous environments, and generally the people employed in such positions understand the many heightened risks that they face. For example, if you worked in areas where the air was dense with sawdust or flour dust, you would be typically alerted to the dangers of explosions. Or, if you worked at removing mold growth or asbestos, you would be trained on the use of protective gear and garb. However, many substances that are potentially toxic and are indigenous to one’s surroundings seem to go relatively unnoticed.
PVC is the abbreviation for polyvinyl chloride (vinyl). PVC is a substance that throughout its life cycle releases poisonous chemicals, “such as mercury dioxins, and phthalates, which may pose irreversible life-long health threats. When produced or burned, PVC plastic releases dioxins, a group of the most potent synthetic chemicals ever tested, which can cause cancer and harm the immune and reproductive systems.” See the Web site http://www.chej.org/BESAFE/pvc/about.htm.
In the matter of PVC, the applications that are most disturbing are in many commercial buildings. Where code permits, it is used as water pipe and electrical conduit. I have often been asked why the air was so toxic with the collapse of the twin towers at the World Trade Center. Among the many reasons, was that some of the many plastics (polymers) — with many of the same properties as PVC — burned and melted, yielding a toxic soup of pulverized dust into the mixture of air. The pile of rubble that was once among the most famous skyscrapers in the world had become a literal mound of deadly debris. The city’s fire, rescue, police and emergency services who worked in the aftermath of the collapse never knew/understood the possible consequences of their efforts. While these people were at work looking for bodies or the remains of bodies, they themselves became imperiled from the leaching out of toxic substances.
It has been known for some time that PVC has been a persistent toxic pollutant. Scientists have found that PVC is an endocrine-disrupting chemical.
The Healthy Building Network stated that, “PVC is the worst plastic from an environmental perspective, posing unique and major hazards in its manufacture, product life and disposal.
Global vinyl production totals over 30 million tons per year, and 75 percent of PVC is directed to building applications.” The HBN motto is, “Advocating for environmental health and justice where we work, live and play.”
Phthalates are chemical additives that soften plastics and are used to make them more flexible. Phthalates have been used in conjunction with plastics and vinyl for some time. This popular group of chemical additives has been the subject of numerous studies in many countries. PVC plastics are labeled “Type 3″ for recycling purposes and typically leach phthalates. Type 3 recycling includes vinyl/polyvinyl chloride, food wrap, vegetable oil bottles, blister packages, etc.
Would a person move into a neighborhood and spend an appreciable part of their life there if they knew that there was a good chance that by doing so they would shorten and taint the quality of that life? An unhealthy work environment may have its personnel there for a protracted part of their lives, except that these people may never know of their continuous exposure to toxic substances.
A federal Environmental Protection Agency report concluded that New Jersey had the worst track record in the nation, accounting for more than one quarter of all unresolved Superfund cleanups more than 20 years old.
The first definition of the word security in the Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (1996) was “Freedom from danger, risk, etc.; safety.” With all the enemies that want to do us in, we need to be our own best friend and take care of that which we cannot replace — our health!
Joel Liebesfeld of Randolph is senior engineering investigator and an adjunct instructor at Fairleigh Dickinson University.
This is a post exploring federally sponsored research exploring links between hormonal abnormalities and phthalates.
“Last year, the federal government sponsored a gathering of 38 medical researchers to determine what effects BPA has on humans. The group reported that BPA acts the same way in humans as it does in animals and the levels in humans are causing negative health effects. It’s possible that BPA might be contributing to our obesity epidemic, which is already tied to early puberty. Most relevant to us: the scientists concluded that early puberty is directly linked to low-dose exposure to BPA.
Another group of synthetic chemicals, used to make plastic flexible, has been linked to early breast budding in girls. These chemicals, called phthalates, are used to make polyvinyl chloride, or PVC, (identified by a number 3) which is what many water pipes are made of. They’re also found in food wrappings, the lining of cardboard boxes that hold liquid or fatty foods, medical tubing, time-release capsules, kids’ toys, insect repellents and countless personal care products. This last category includes shampoo, lotions and deodorants. The CDC found that phthalates compose up to 3 percent of some of these products. Women of childbearing age are the group most exposed to phthalates.”
This is a nicely written post on the dangers of taking our everyday use of plastics for granted.
“So, first off, we seriously need to curb our consumption of plastic. There are growing piles of floating plastic creating islands in the oceans. The biggest one is known as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch and is larger than Texas (or Spain if you’re more Euro-centric). Aquatic species are starving as they eat the plastic thinking it’s food and then dying with bellies full of our old toothbrushes and plastic wrappers. If you want to avoid the world envisioned in Pixar’s new movie, Wall-E, make it a personal pledge to decrease your consumption. Think “Do I need this?”; “Can I get it made out of a more sustainable material?”; “Can I find an option with less packaging?”; and “Can it be recycled?”, especially considering only about 5% of plastic actually gets recycled. Still, the main question people ask themselves of late is, “Is plastic safe for my health, or my children’s health?”
Two types of plastic, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polycarbonate (PC), have been causing some real concerns. Two chemical ingredients, bisphenol-A (BPA) and a phthalate known as Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), are known hormone disruptors and have been detected in the blood and urine of nearly every person tested. The worst news is the youngest children tested have the highest concentrations in their bodies.”
This post comes from the blog of the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism and explores the dangers of our Hi-Tech waste. Hazardous waste includes PVC and heavy metals such as Lead and Cadmium.
Smith said semiconductor workers in Silicon Valley in California in the U.S. experience illness rates three times higher than manufacturing workers in other industries. Based on epidemiological studies too, women who worked in fabrication rooms experience miscarriages at a rate 40 percent higher or more than non-manufacturing workers. Silicon Valley also has more Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Superfund sites than any other area in the country.
Healthy Child Healthy World discusses the dangers of PVC across its entire life-cycle, from vinyl chloride in production, to the inability to safely recycle PVC products. The post ends by listing a wide range of companies that are phasing out PVC in their products, as well as ways consumers can protect themselves.
PVC begins as a flammable gas called vinyl chloride, which is not only a known human carcinogen, but also releases toxic vapors in a process called “off-gassing,” which can increase the risk of liver cancer, harm the nervous system, and cause birth defects.
Studies have shown that workers in PVC facilities develop significantly higher chances of contracting multiple diseases, including a rare form of liver cancer. The pollution caused by these factories creates a huge environmental justice concern for the low-income, minority communities who reside nearby. Although it costs businesses very little to make this brittle plastic, the environment takes a toll, as PVC plants not only pollute the air, but also the water in the surrounding area, forcing many families to leave their contaminated homes and neighborhoods.
A nice breakdown of plastic resin types from National Geographic. Included tips for recycling, and known health hazards associated with plastics, including toxic vinyl chloride in PVC.
Plastic is the most widely used material in the United States, and it crops up in everything from toys to clothes to food containers. But not all plastics are created equal, particularly in regards to food storage: Some plastics can transmit chemicals into your food, while others are perfectly safe.
Before you know which type of plastic container to buy the next time you hit the store, you first need to know how to tell them apart. Plastics are typically classified by a number from #1 to #7, each number representing a different type of resin. That number is usually imprinted on the bottom of your container; flip it upside down, and you’ll see a recycling triangle with the number in the middle…
…#3 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is often used frequently in cling wraps for meat. However, PVC contains softeners called phthalates that interfere with hormonal development, and its manufacture and incineration release dioxin, a potent carcinogen and hormone disruptor. Vinyl chloride, the primary building block of PVC, is a known human carcinogen that also poses a threat to workers during manufacture.
Post on Ruth Stringer, a scientist who has conducted many studies on the use and disposal of PVC…
Ruth Stringer, a British national who has done studies on the hazards of manufacturing, consuming and disposing polyvinyl chloride (PVC) told participants of a forum, dubbed “Usapang Plastik,” to exercise precaution in buying products made of PVC for their own safety.
The forum, organized by the waste and pollution watchdog EcoWaste Coalition’s Task Force on Plastics, discussed the potential health and environmental risk of plastics.
During the forum, it was revealed that PVC or plastic no. 3, is commonly used in food packaging, plastic wrap, toiletries and cosmetics containers, detergent bottles, shampoo bottles, beach balls, inflatable swimming pools, shower curtains, medical devices, toys, pacifiers and teething rings, which could pose great risk to public health and the environment, especially when they are being used and disposed of improperly.
Article from Planet Green on keeping your family safe by keeping your home PVC-free. The author lists a variety of hazards resulting from the use of the “poison plastic,” including angiosarcoma, neurological damage, and birth defects.
A 1999 study by the National Institute of Public Health in Norway found that the risk of children developing bronchial obstruction-an asthma symptom-”increased in relation to the amount of plasticizer-emitting materials in the home.” According to the authors, children exposed to PVC flooring and wall coverings in nurseries, bedrooms, and other rooms have an 89 percent higher risk of developing bronchial obstruction than kids who pitter-pattered in PVC-free homes.
And because PVC cannot be easily recycled, it’s either landfilled, where it leaches chemicals or incinerated, releasing dioxin and heavy metals again.
This is a great review of a scientific study on lead leaching and faucet corrosion. The article points out that the combination of chloramine-treated water and PVC plumbing systems, which often utilize brass faucet fixtures, can lead to the corrosion of the fixtures, resulting into heavy metals being released into water pipes.
Marc Edwards and colleagues point out that more water purification plants in the United States are using chloramine to treat water. At the same time, builders are plumbing more houses with plastic pipe, rather than copper, to cut costs. Past studies have found that ammonia formed in chloramine-treated water can trigger a series of events that corrode brass faucet components and connectors commonly used in PVC plumbing systems. Corrosion of brass (made with copper, zinc and lead) releases those metals into water pipes and makes faucets prone to failure.
Blog article on the different building materials constructed from PVC, including rigid PVC in the case of pipes. It is pointed out that rigid PVC pipes contain heavy metals such as lead, and that alternative, PVC-free materials are available for the creation of these pipes and cables.
Pipes - Rainwater guttering and drainpipes, water supply pipes, sewerage and drainage pipes, protective pipes for cables.
Approximately 90 percent of PVC pipes produced are waste pipes, protective pipes for electricity and telecommunications cable and underground drainage pipes. The rest are found in buildings as waste pipes or as mains pipes.
Pipes are made from rigid PVC (or unplasticised PVC - uPVC). Lead or tin stabilisers are often used in pipes, and red-brown pipes contain lead pigments. PVC-Free Pipes and Ducts are available.
Here’s a short post that illustrates some of the issues, and hazards, with PVC and plumbing cross-connections…
According to the EPA,
Plumbing cross-connections, which are defined as actual or potential connections between a potable and non-potable water supply, constitute a serious public health hazard. There are numerous, well-documented cases where cross-connections have been responsible for contamination of drinking water, and have resulted in the spread of disease. The problem is a dynamic one, because piping systems are continually being installed, altered, or extended.
Here’s a post from a blog concerned with Recycling and eWaste noting legislation moving towards banning PVC resin in consumer packaging.
CAW sponsored AB 2505 (Brownley) passed out of Assembly Environmental Safety and Toxic Materials Committee April 15. The bill proposes to phase out the use of PVC resin in certain consumer packaging. Consumer packaging represents the largest segment of PVC in the solid waste stream, as it is virtually non-recyclable. PVC consumer packaging also presents a human health threat as it can contain high levels of phthalates and heavy metals, and is a costly and potent contaminant in the recycling stream of other, non-toxic alternative plastics.
A very informative article on the movement to phase out PVC packaging in California – includes mentions of rigid PVC and heavy metals, as well as the dangers resulting from each stage of the PVC lifecycle.
PVC packaging also often contains high levels of toxic heavy metals—one recent study found that 61% of PVC containers tested positive for Lead or Cadmium contamination. These toxins can migrate from packaging items into the human body and environment. Recognizing these threats, the California Ocean Protection Council has called for the banning of vinyl chloride from plastic packaging by 2015.
To make matters worse, PVC is virtually non-recyclable because toxicity concerns and lack of market. In fact, PVC is actually considered a serious recycling contaminant as it is nearly indistinguishable from other, non-toxic resins such as PET that are recycled. Just 1 PVC bottle can render a batch of 1,000 PET bottles unsuitable for high-end uses, costing recyclers thousands.
Hot on the heels of findings of toxic off-gassing from PVC shower curtains, this post calls for changes in out-dated legislation from the EPA.
‘“Six years after the EPA found that PVC shower curtains continue to release toxic chemicals into the air we breathe for a month or longer, our study shows that nothing has changed,” adds Lois Gibbs, CHEJ’s founder and executive director. “Something must be done to protect consumers from any potential harm these toxic chemicals cause. Wal-Mart and other retailers need to phase out these toxic chemicals.
Unfortunately phthalates have been linked to a number of serious health problems including birth defects, early puberty and testicular cancer. They have no place in our children’s toys, especially since safe alternatives exist.
While direct contact with PVC is avoidable in the selection of water pipe, its use in other applications, including contact with children, is ubiquitous and should be noted.
Efforts are underway in Australia to ban phthalates used in children’s toys and other products. Researchers have linked phthalates to cancer and developmental problems in infants.
The European Union placed a ban on six types of phthalate softeners, including DEHP (diethylhexyl phthalate), used in toys.
Reports on the European Parliament efforts to strengthen laws against hazardous chemicals in children’s toys. Includes an advisory to parents to protect children from playing with plastic toys.
Toymakers are under increasing pressure to eliminate PVC from their products. Advocates have now enlisted retailers who are pledging to not deal in products with vinyl.
This article examines the issue of plastic contaminants (particularly phthalates and bisphenoal A) used in toys designed for very young children.
Would you believe it? Another study has found high levels of phthalates, toxic compounds that have been linked to birth defects, in popular children’s PVC toys.
The company announces that it will phase out the use of all products that use PVC in either packaging or merchandise, particularly those designed for children.
Worried that an ingredient in plastics is getting swept up in toy-safety regulations driven by fears over lead, the chemical industry is fighting back. They could be too late. Washington lawmakers this month overwhelmingly approved the strictest toy-safety rules in the nation, including restrictions on the amount of lead, cadmium and an ingredient in plastics called phthalates. The measure awaits approval by Gov. Chris Gregoire, or automatically becomes law in early April.
Target responds to environmental arguments by significantly reducing sales of products containing PVC.
Discusses efforts by parents to protect their children from the effects of harmful substances often found in toys and other products for children
Retailer promises to substitute safer alternatives when possible.
Residents of South Hadley, Massachusetts, are participating in an exchange program that trades plastic water bottles for reusable aluminum ones to promote recycling and the use of clean water.
Reports on the findings of professor of chemistry at National Taiwan Normal University showing that PVC and polycarbonate plastic containers exposed to high heat can release higher than allowable levels of Bishenol-A, an estrogen receptor agonist that can disrupt hormones if consumed.
A number of retailers, including Wal-Mart, have stopped the sale of products such as baby bottles, pacifiers, food containers and waters bottles that contain bisphenol-A (BPA).
A chemical analysis of a popular shower curtain brand revealed a wide variety of potentially hazardous chemicals present.
Wal-Mart is going green. The retail giant, which is also the nation’s largest grocery seller, is beginning to switch from petroleum-based to corn-based plastic packaging. The first substitution, starting Nov. 1, involves 114 million clear-plastic clamshell containers used annually by the retailer for cut fruit, herbs, strawberries and Brussels sprouts, Wal-Mart executive Matt Kistler said yesterday at a conference in Philadelphia.
A detailed chemical study by Southwest Research Institute labs of 5 PVC shower curtains purchased at Bed-Bath-and-Beyond, K-Mart, Sears, Wal-Mart and Target found significant amounts of potentially harmful chemicals.
Consumer Reports recommends that you be aware of warning labels on garden hoses. Many hoses are made of PVC which uses lead as a stabilizer and may leach lead into water standing in the hose. Check to be sure your hose is labeled safe to drink and flush it first.
The author responds to reports of problems with PVC in shower curtains and provides recommendations for protecting consumers from PVC.
The blog poster briefly outlines the health problems associated with various types of plastics and advocates a program of education and labeling to help consumers understand the issues with plastics in the marketplace.
As many as 100 harmful chemicals are released into the air from PVC shower curtains, posing risks to human health and the environment.
A parent’s perspective on the potential dangers of lead used in the production of garden hoses.
Patients undergoing medical procedures such as IV therapy, enteral and parenteral nutrition support, blood transfusion, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can be exposed to di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), a compound used as a plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) medical devices. DEHP has been shown to produce a wide range of adverse effects in experimental animals, notably liver toxicity and testicular atrophy. Although the toxic and carcinogenic effects of DEHP have been well established in experimental animals, the ability of this compound to produce adverse effects in humans is controversial. As a result, the ability of DEHP and other phthalate esters to produce adverse effects in humans has been a topic of active discussion and debate in the scientific and regulatory communities. Since patients undergoing medical procedures can be exposed to DEHP, a safety assessment has been conducted by the FDA Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) to provide risk managers with information necessary for informed regulatory decision making regarding the safety of DEHP released from PVC medical devices.
Network your interest and connect with others who share your point of view
Media-related content from advocacy groups and informed resources around the world.
New Group Formed to Ensure the Integrity of Drinking Water
Is your drinking water safe? PVC Water Pipes Cited for Harboring Bacteria & Coliforms